Ingxelo ekhutshwe namhlanje nguMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi ibonisa ukuba i-99% yeabemi behlabathi baphefumla umoyaedlula imilinganiselo yomgangatho womoya we-WHO, esongela impilo yabo, kwaye abantu abahlala ezixekweni baphefumla amanqanaba angenampilo yento encinci ye-particle kunye ne-nitrogen dioxide, kunye nabantu abaphantsi - kunye namazwe anengeniso ephakathi awona achaphazelekayo.
Le ngxelo iphawula ukuba izixeko ezingaphezu kwama-6 000 kumazwe ali-117 zibeka esweni umgangatho womoya, inani elirekhodiweyo.Umbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi ugxininisa ukubaluleka kokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha efosili kunye nokuthatha amanye amanyathelo asebenzayo ukunciphisa amanqanaba ongcoliseko lomoya.
I-fine particulate matter kunye nenitrogen dioxide
I-nitrogen dioxide yinto eqhelekileyo yokungcolisa idolophu kunye ne-precursor ye-particulate matter kunye ne-ozone.Uhlaziyo lwe-2022 lwe-WHO ye-Air Quality Database luzisa imilinganiselo esekelwe phantsi yemilinganiselo yonyaka ye-nitrogen dioxide (NO2) okokuqala.Uhlaziyo lukwabandakanya ukulinganisa i-particulate matter kunye nobubanzi obulingana okanye ngaphantsi kwe-10 microns (PM10) okanye i-2.5 microns (PM2.5).Ezi ntlobo zimbini zongcoliseko ziphuma ikakhulu kwimisebenzi yabantu enxulumene nokutshiswa kwamafutha efosili.
Ugcino lwedatha olutsha lomgangatho womoya lolona lubanzi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku lugquma ukutyhileka kongcoliseko lomoya.Malunga nama-2,000 ezixeko ezingakumbi/iendawo zokuhlala abantu ngoku zirekhoda idatha yokubeka iliso esekwe emhlabeni kwi-particculate matter, PM10 kunye/okanyePM2.5xa kuthelekiswa nohlaziyo lokugqibela.Oku kuphawula ukwanda okuphantse kube kathandathu kwinani leengxelo ukususela oko kwasungulwa uvimba weenkcukacha ngowama-2011.
Kwangaxeshanye, isiseko sobungqina bomonakalo owenziwa kungcoliseko lomoya kumzimba womntu bukhule ngokukhawuleza, kukho ubungqina obubonisa ukuba izinto ezingcolisa umoya ezininzi zinokubangela ingozi enkulu nakwizinga eliphantsi kakhulu.
I-particulate matter, ingakumbi i-PM2.5, inokungena ngokunzulu kwimiphunga kwaye ingene egazini, echaphazela i-cardiovascular, cerebrovascular (stroke) kunye neenkqubo zokuphefumula.Ubungqina obutsha bubonisa ukuba i-particle ingachaphazela amanye amalungu kwaye ibangele nezinye izifo.
Uphononongo lubonise ukuba i-nitrogen dioxide inxulunyaniswa nezifo zokuphefumla, ngakumbi i-asthma, ebangela iimpawu zokuphefumla (ezifana nokukhwehlela, ukuphefumla okanye ukuphefumla nzima), izibhedlele kunye nokutyelela igumbi likaxakeka.
"Amaxabiso aphezulu e-fossil, ukhuseleko lwamandla kunye nokungxamiseka kokujongana nemingeni emibini yezempilo yongcoliseko lomoya kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu kugxininisa imfuno engxamisekileyo yokukhawulezisa ukwakhiwa kwehlabathi elingaxhomekekanga kumafutha ezilwanyana," utshilo uMlawuli-Jikelele we-WHO uTedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus.
Amanyathelo okuphuculaumgangatho womoyakunye nempilo
Ngubani obiza inyathelo elikhawulezayo neliqinisiweyo lokuthatha amanyathelo okuphucula umgangatho womoya.Ngokomzekelo, yamkela okanye uhlaziywe kwaye usebenzise imigangatho yelizwe yomgangatho womoya ngokuhambelana nezikhokelo zomgangatho womoya we-WHO zakutsha nje;Ukuxhasa inguqu yokucoca amandla asekhaya okupheka, ukufudumeza kunye nokukhanyisa;Ukwakha iinkqubo zezithuthi zikawonke-wonke ezikhuselekileyo nezifikelelekayo nabahambi ngeenyawo - nothungelwano olulungele iibhayisekile;Ukuphumeza ukukhutshwa kwezithuthi ezingqongqo kunye nemigangatho esebenzayo;Ukuhlolwa okunyanzelekileyo kunye nokugcinwa kwezithuthi;Utyalo-mali kwizindlu ezonga umbane kunye nokuvelisa umbane;Ukuphucula ulawulo lwenkunkuma kwimizi-mveliso nekamasipala;Ukunciphisa imisebenzi ye-agroforestry efana nokutshiswa kwenkunkuma yezolimo, ukutsha kwamahlathi kunye nokuveliswa kwamalahle.
Izixeko ezininzi zineengxaki zenitrogen dioxide
Kumazwe ali-117 abeka esweni umgangatho womoya, i-17 pesenti yezixeko kumazwe anengeniso ephezulu inomgangatho womoya ongaphantsi kwezikhokelo zomgangatho womoya we-WHO we-PM2.5 okanye i-PM10, yatsho ingxelo.Kumazwe aphantsi-naphakathi anengeniso ephakathi, ngaphantsi kwe-1% yezixeko zidibana ne-WHO ecetyiswayo yomgangatho womoya.
Ehlabathini jikelele, amazwe anengeniso ephantsi kunye naphakathi asesesichengeni ngakumbi kumanqanaba angenampilo ento encinci xa kuthelekiswa ne-avareji yehlabathi, kodwa iipateni ze-NO2 ziyahluka, zibonisa umahluko omncinci phakathi kwamazwe aphezulu-naphantsi-naphakathi anengeniso ephakathi.
Isidingo sokuphucula ukubeka iliso
IYurophu kunye, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile, uMntla Melika uhlala eyimimandla enedatha ebanzi yomgangatho womoya.Nangona imilinganiselo ye-PM2.5 ingekafumaneki kumazwe amaninzi aphantsi-naphakathi, aphuculwe kakhulu phakathi kohlaziyo lokugqibela lwedatha ngo-2018 kunye nolu hlaziyo, kunye ne-1,500 ngaphezulu kokuhlaliswa kwabantu kula mazwe kubeka esweni umgangatho womoya.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-24-2023